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Home > Vol 19, No 1 (2018) > Centonze

Farmeconomia. Health economics and therapeutic pathways 2018; 19(1): 47-52

https://doi.org/10.7175/fe.v19i1.1385

Letter to the Editor

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Peginterferon Beta-1a in the Treatment of Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis in Italy: Results of an Updated Analysis

Diego Centonze 1, Sergio Iannazzo 2, Laura Santoni 3, Cecilia Saleri 3, Elisa Puma 3, Luigi Giuliani 2, Pier Luigi Canonico 4

1 IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy & Laboratory of Synaptic Immunopathology, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy

2 SIHS srl, Health Economics Consulting, Turin, Italy

3 Biogen Italia, Milan, Italy

4 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro”, Novara, Italy

Keywords

Cost-Effectiveness; Peginterferon Beta-1a; Multiple Sclerosis

Corresponding author

Prof. Diego Centonze

centonze@uniroma2.it

Received: 9 November 2018

Accepted:19 November 2018

Published: 30 November 2018

Background

Multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system, is causing a progressive disability that impacts patients’ quality of life and societal costs [1]. MS takes several forms, with new symptoms either occurring in isolated attacks (relapsing form) or building up over time (progressive form) [2]. Between attacks, symptoms may disappear completely; however, permanent neurological problems often remain, especially as the disease advances [2]. In 85% of patients with MS the onset form is relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) [3]. While MS is currently considered incurable, treatment has advanced significantly over the past several decades. Disease modifying therapies (DMTs) can reduce the frequency of clinical relapses and delay disability progression [4]. As is the case in many different therapeutic areas, clinical progress in treating the disease has accompanied a rise in costs to purchase biologic products. In this light, economic evaluations are key elements for healthcare decision-making.

In 2016 we published in this journal a cost-effectiveness analysis that compared subcutaneous peginterferon beta-1a 125 μg every 2 weeks (Plegridy®) to the other injectable DMTs used in first-line therapy of RRMS from both the perspective of the Italian National Healthcare Service (NHS) and of the Italian Society [5]. The comparators considered in the analysis were: interferon (IFN) beta-1a 30 μg (Avonex®), IFN beta-1a 22 μg (Rebif® 22), IFN beta-1a 44 μg (Rebif® 44), glatiramer acetate (GA, Copaxone®) 20 mg, IFN beta-1b 250 μg (Betaferon® and Extavia®). The 2016 analysis showed that peginterferon beta-1a was an alternative dominant or cost-effective vs IFNs and GA for the treatment of RRMS in Italy from the NHS and societal perspectives. While the design of the model and the choice of clinical parameters remains well aligned with the most recent cost-effectiveness studies published in the literature [6], some economic inputs of that analysis appear now outdated. The objective of the current work is thus to provide an update of the original analysis[5].

Update of the Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Peginterferon Beta-1a in Italy

The 2016 analysis [5] was conducted using a Markov model (Figure 1), reviewed and accepted by – among other agencies – the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) in the UK [7]. The model simulates mortality, disease progression between EDSS levels, relapse frequency and transition to secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS), estimating the survival (life years; LYs), the survival adjusted for quality of life (quality-adjusted life years; QALYs), the overall costs, and the incremental cost per QALY gained (incremental cost effectiveness ratio; ICER). Twenty-one health states are included in the model: 10 states in the RRMS form; 10 states in the SPMS form; 1 state for death.

The simulation starts with a hypothetical cohort distributed among the different EDSS levels of RRMS, according to the initial distribution and demographic characteristics of the patients in the ADVANCE study, which compared the safety and efficacy of peginterferon beta-1a 125 μg every 2 weeks with placebo [8,9]. At each (annual) simulation cycle the patients can progress/regress between the EDSS levels or remain in the same EDSS level, progress to the SPMS form, have a relapse according to the specific probability in each health state, or die. Patients cannot return from SPMS to RRMS, nor regress to lower EDSS levels in the SPMS form (such transitions are possible in RRMS). The treatments included in the model can exert their effect by either slowing down the disability progression (compared to the natural history of the disease) or by reducing the relapse incidence in the RRMS form. Treatment cannot affect the progression from RRMS to SPMS, the transition between EDSS levels in the SPMS form, or mortality. It is assumed that patients stop disease modifying therapy when reaching an EDSS level ≥ 7 in the RRMS form, or on transition to the SPMS form.

Efficacy data were derived from a published network meta-analysis [10]. Each treatment is associated with specific adverse events that occur at frequencies reported in clinical studies. Health state utilities were derived from a cross-sectional study of the burden of illness of patients with MS in Italy [11]. Unit costs were based on current Italian prices and tariffs, and the published literature. Costs and utilities were discounted at 3.5%[12]. The model considers a time horizon of 50 years. Full details have been published previously in 2016 [5].

While the design of the model and the choice of clinical parameters remains well aligned with the most recent cost-effectiveness studies published in the literature[6], some economic inputs of that analysis now appear outdated. Therefore, in the current analysis we reviewed all cost input data, with specific focus on the cost of drug purchase and the cost of relapse (Table I). The costs were updated to July 2018, by inflating them with consumer price index[13]. While ex-factory prices of most injectable DMTs were unchanged since 2016, we found a new Official Gazette for IFN beta-1a 22 µg and 44 µg[14]. Additionally, the source for direct medical and societal costs to manage a relapse, originally derived from Kobelt et al.[11], was changed to a more recent publication, namely the study from Battaglia et al. [15]. Furthermore, management costs for adverse events and routine costs by EDSS scores (Table I), based on Karampampa et al. [16], were revised based on current prices of generic products [17] and inflated to July 2018 [13]. Finally, the mortality tables of the general Italian population were aligned with the most recent evidence [18].

Results of the Updated Analysis

Peginterferon beta-1a was more effective than all first-line injectable DMTs included in the analysis, both in terms of survival (LYs, discounted) and of survival adjusted for quality of life (QALYs, discounted) (Table II). Incremental QALYs gained ranged from 0.52 (peginterferon beta 1-a vs IFN beta-1a 44 μg) to 1.02 (peginterferon beta 1-a vs IFN beta-1b 250 μg).

The analysis from the perspective of the Italian NHS showed that the (discounted) total direct medical cost of a patient treated with peginterferon beta-1a was slightly higher than that of other DMTs, except for IFN beta-1a 44 μg (Table II). In the first cases, the higher drug cost was only partially offset by possible reductions in other cost categories.

Peginterferon beta-1a was dominant vs IFN beta-1a 44 μg because it was more effective and with lower costs and cost-effective versus the other first line injectable DMTs showing the following ICERs: € 10,962/QALY for IFN beta-1a 30 μg, € 22,449/QALY for IFN beta-1a 22 μg, € 10,226/QALY for IFN beta-1b 250 μg (Betaferon®), € 16,317/QALY for IFN beta-1b 250 μg (Extavia®), and € 21,451/QALY for GA 20 mg. In all cases, the ICER was below the commonly considered willingness-to-pay threshold for acceptability (€ 30,000-50,000/QALY) (Table II).

When the analysis was performed in the perspective of the Italian Society, the total cost of a patient treated with peginterferon beta-1a was lower than those of all the comparators included in the analysis (Table III).

Peginterferon beta-1a was dominant vs all injectable first-line DMTs included in the analysis (IFN beta-1a, IFNβ-1b, GA); that is, it is more effective, in terms both of survival (LYs) and of survival adjusted for quality of life (QALYs), and with a lower total societal cost (Table III).

Sensitivity analyses (deterministic and probabilistic) confirmed that, from both NHS and societal perspectives, the base case results are robust to variations in input parameters, in line with the 2016 analysis [5].

Conclusion

The model that was used to perform the cost-effectiveness analysis of peginterferon beta-1a published in 2016 was updated in economic data (all cost now determined at July 2018) and in reference statistical data (i.e., tables of mortality of the general Italian population). No changes were made to the structure and design of the model, or to the clinical parameters used as inputs. The results of the updated analysis confirm and strengthen those published in 2016, showing that peginterferon beta-1a is a valid alternative in the treatment of RRMS as compared to other available injectable first-line DMTs included in the model from the perspective of both the Italian NHS and the Italian society.

Funding

This manuscript was financially supported by Biogen Italia (Milan, Italy).

Conflicts of Interests

DC is an Advisory Board member of Bayer Schering, Biogen, Merck-Serono, Teva and received honoraria for speaking or consultation fees from Almirall, Bayer Schering, Biogen, Genzyme, GW Pharmaceuticals, Merck Serono, Novartis, Sanofi-Aventis, Teva. He is also principal investigator in clinical trials for Bayer Schering, Biogen, Novartis, Merck Serono, Sanofi-Aventis, Teva.

SI is a consultant that received fees by Biogen Italia for conducting the update of the analysis and for other projects.

LS, CS, EP are employees of Biogen Italia.

LG received fee by Biogen Italia for other projects.

PLC has received research grants, contributions and fees by the following pharmaceutical companies: Abbvie, Almirall, Amgen, A.C.R.A.F. – Angelini, Astellas, Astra Zeneca, Bayer, Biogen, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Grunenthal, Lundbeck, LeoPharma, Merck Serono, MSD, Menarini, Novartis Pharma, Otsuka, Roche, Sanofi, Takeda, Zambon, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Amicus, Teva, Servier, UCB, Boehringer Ingelheim.

References

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